Umar became a merchant and made several journeys to Rome and Persia, where he is said to have met various scholars and analyzed Roman and Persian societies. He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler. According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. Though not a poet himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature. He used to make me work hard if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion." ĭespite literacy being uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and write in his youth. Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe. In his youth he used to tend to his father's camels in the plains near Mecca. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. Umar was born in Mecca to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes. He is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition. He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition as a great just ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr. Umar is generally viewed by historians to be one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644. According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634) as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor. Umar participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the title al-Fārūq upon him, for his judgements. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. He was also an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Fārūq ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. 582/583 – 644) was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ( Arabic: عمر بن خطاب, romanized: ʿUmar bin Khaṭṭāb, also spelled Omar, c.
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